Pourquoi après la nouvelle mise à jour d'installation d'Ubuntu 12.04 n'est pas installée?

J'ai installé Ubuntu 12.04 sur un ordinateur. Tout va bien sans mise à jour. Juste après l'installation, il montrait environ 200 Mo de mises à jour à télécharger. Depuis lors, j'essaie d'installer toutes les mises à jour. Maintenant qu'il est partiellement terminé, certains logiciels (firefox, VLC) sont mis à jour. Il affiche toujours 39,3 Mo de mises à jour à télécharger et il échoue encore et encore. Chaque fois que j'essaie d'installer ces mises à jour de 39,3 Mo, cela montre qu'il ne peut pas se connecter à Internet, mais il n'y a pas de problème avec ma connexion (l'indicateur réseau montre qu'il est connecté et je peux parcourir et télécharger n'importe quoi). Cela me donne le message suivant:

Failed to fetch http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/l/linux/linux-image-3.2.0-43-generic-pae_3.2.0-43.68_i386.deb Size mismatch
Failed to fetch http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/pool/main/l/linux/linux-headers-3.2.0-43-generic-pae_3.2.0-43.68_i386.deb Size mismatch

Je pensais que c'était un problème avec la liste des sources. J'ai donc donné la commande suivante

sudo rm -vf /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/*

Auparavant, j'ai rencontré un type de problème similaire avec un autre ordinateur. À cette époque, cette solution a fonctionné pour moi, mais maintenant je suis toujours confronté à ce problème. N'importe qui, aidez-moi à résoudre ce problème.

Mise à jour

Voici la sortie de sudo apt-get update

Hit http://dl.google.com stable Release.gpg                                    
Hit http://archive.canonical.com precise Release.gpg                           
Get:1 http://extras.ubuntu.com precise Release.gpg [72 B]                      
Hit http://dl.google.com stable Release                                        
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise Release.gpg                           
Hit http://archive.canonical.com precise Release                     
Hit http://dl.google.com stable/main i386 Packages                             
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com precise Release                                   
Ign http://dl.google.com stable/main TranslationIndex                          
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates Release.gpg [198 B]
Hit http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner i386 Packages                 
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main Sources                              
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release.gpg                 
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner TranslationIndex              
Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main i386 Packages                        
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security Release.gpg                  
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main TranslationIndex                     
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise Release                               
Ign http://dl.google.com stable/main Translation-en_US                         
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates Release [49.6 kB]           
Ign http://dl.google.com stable/main Translation-en                            
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates Release [49.6 kB]           
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner Translation-en_US             
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner Translation-en                
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release                     
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security Release                      
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main Translation-en_US                    
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/main Sources                          
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main Translation-en                       
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/restricted Sources                    
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/universe Sources                      
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/multiverse Sources                    
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/main i386 Packages                    
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/restricted i386 Packages              
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/universe i386 Packages                
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/multiverse i386 Packages              
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/main TranslationIndex                 
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/multiverse TranslationIndex           
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/restricted TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/universe TranslationIndex
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/main Sources [383 kB]
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/main Sources [383 kB]       
Get:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/restricted Sources [5,467 B]
Get:8 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/universe Sources [87.1 kB]  
Get:9 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/universe Sources [87.1 kB]  
Get:10 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/universe Sources [87.1 kB] 
Get:11 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/multiverse Sources [6,582 B]
Get:12 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/main i386 Packages [625 kB]
Get:13 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/restricted i386 Packages [10.0 kB]
Get:14 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/universe i386 Packages [203 kB]
Get:15 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/multiverse i386 Packages [13.8 kB]
Get:16 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/multiverse i386 Packages [13.8 kB]
100% [16 Packages bzip2 0 B] [Connecting to us.archive.ubuntu.com (91.189.91.14
bzip2: Compressed file ends unexpectedly;
    perhaps it is corrupted?  *Possible* reason follows.
bzip2: Inappropriate ioctl for device
    Input file = (stdin), output file = (stdout)

It is possible that the compressed file(s) have become corrupted.
You can use the -tvv option to test integrity of such files.

You can use the `bzip2recover' program to attempt to recover
data from undamaged sections of corrupted files.

Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/main TranslationIndex         
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/multiverse TranslationIndex   
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/restricted TranslationIndex   
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/universe TranslationIndex     
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/main Sources                
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/restricted Sources          
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/universe Sources
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/multiverse Sources
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/main i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/restricted i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/universe i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/multiverse i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/main TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/multiverse TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/restricted TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/universe TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/main Sources
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/restricted Sources
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/universe Sources
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/multiverse Sources
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/main i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/restricted i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/universe i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/multiverse i386 Packages
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/main TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/multiverse TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/restricted TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/universe TranslationIndex
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/main Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise/universe Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/main Translation-en           
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates/universe Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/main Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports/universe Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/main Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/multiverse Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/restricted Translation-en
Hit http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security/universe Translation-en
Fetched 935 kB in 3min 39s (4,261 B/s)
W: Failed to fetch gzip:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages  Hash Sum mismatch

E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

Mon problème est maintenant résolu. Je poste ici la solution étape par étape. De la sortie de sudo apt-get update, j'étais confronté au problème suivant:

W: Failed to fetch gzip:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages  Hash Sum mismatch

E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.

Pour résoudre ce problème, j'ai entré les commandes suivantes une par une.

sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/* -vf
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get autoremove
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 

Ensuite, la sortie a été

audity@auditypc:~$ sudo rm /var/lib/apt/lists/* -vf
[sudo] password for audity: 
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_partner_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/dl.google.com_linux_talkplugin_deb_dists_stable_main_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/dl.google.com_linux_talkplugin_deb_dists_stable_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/dl.google.com_linux_talkplugin_deb_dists_stable_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/extras.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/lock'
rm: cannot remove `/var/lib/apt/lists/partial': Is a directory
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_main_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_main_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_main_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_main_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_multiverse_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_multiverse_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_multiverse_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_restricted_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_restricted_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_restricted_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_restricted_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_universe_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_universe_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_universe_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-backports_universe_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_main_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_multiverse_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_multiverse_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_multiverse_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_restricted_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_restricted_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_restricted_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_restricted_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_main_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_main_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_main_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_main_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_multiverse_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_multiverse_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_multiverse_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_restricted_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_restricted_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_restricted_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_restricted_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_universe_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_universe_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_universe_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-security_universe_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_universe_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_main_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_main_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_main_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_main_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_multiverse_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_multiverse_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_multiverse_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_multiverse_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_Release'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_Release.gpg'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_restricted_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_restricted_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_restricted_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_restricted_source_Sources'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_universe_binary-i386_Packages'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_universe_i18n_Index'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_universe_i18n_Translation-en'
removed `/var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_universe_source_Sources'
audity@auditypc:~$ sudo apt-get clean
[sudo] password for audity: 
audity@auditypc:~$ sudo apt-get autoremove
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
audity@auditypc:~$ sudo apt-get update
Get:1 http://dl.google.com stable Release.gpg [198 B]                          
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise Release.gpg [198 B]                 
Get:3 http://dl.google.com stable Release [1,347 B]                            
Get:4 http://extras.ubuntu.com precise Release.gpg [72 B]                      
Get:5 http://archive.canonical.com precise Release.gpg [198 B]                 
Get:6 http://dl.google.com stable/main i386 Packages [763 B]                   
Get:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates Release.gpg [198 B]         
Get:8 http://extras.ubuntu.com precise Release [11.9 kB]                       
Ign http://dl.google.com stable/main TranslationIndex                          
Get:9 http://archive.canonical.com precise Release [7,078 B]                   
Get:10 http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main Sources [8,130 B]                 
Get:11 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release.gpg [198 B]      
Get:12 http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner i386 Packages [8,261 B]    
Get:13 http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main i386 Packages [10.8 kB]           
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner TranslationIndex              
Get:14 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-security Release.gpg [198 B]       
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main TranslationIndex                     
Get:15 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise Release [49.6 kB]                  
Ign http://dl.google.com stable/main Translation-en_US                         
Get:16 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise Release [49.6 kB]                  
Ign http://dl.google.com stable/main Translation-en                            
Get:17 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates Release [49.6 kB]          
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main Translation-en_US                    
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner Translation-en_US             
Get:18 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-updates Release [49.6 kB]          
Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com precise/main Translation-en                       
Ign http://archive.canonical.com precise/partner Translation-en                
Get:19 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release [49.6 kB]        
Get:20 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release [49.6 kB]        
Get:21 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release [49.6 kB]        
Ign http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release                     
E: GPG error: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com precise-backports Release: The following signatures were invalid: NODATA 2
audity@auditypc:~$

Maintenant, je faisais face à une erreur GPG. Pour résoudre ce problème, j'ai essayé ce qui suit

$ sudo -i
# apt-get clean
# cd /var/lib/apt
# mv lists lists.old
# mkdir -p lists/partial
# apt-get clean
# apt-get update
# exit

Après cette commande. J'ai entré les dernières commandes.

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Nous venons de voir la liste des paquets d'archives des États-Unis ne pas correspondre à la somme de hachage sur de nouvelles installations 12.04.5. Solution plus courte qui a fonctionné pour moi au moins:

# rm /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise_*
# rm /var/lib/apt/lists/us.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise*
# aptitude update
... now worked ...