Comment les gens ont-ils compris qu'ils pouvaient faire de la logique avec l'électronique? Existe-t-il des anecdotes ou des enregistrements des premières réalisations? Je m'interroge sur les premiers moments "euréka".
logic-level
boolean-algebra
history
Kinnard Hockenhull
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De l'article Wikipedia, algèbre booléenne :
L'article sur Claude Shannon donne plus de détails:
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As with so many other important developments in logic and computer science, it was almost certainly the mathematician and philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, whose work predated Shannon's by decades:
(Source: Arthur W. Burks, «Les nouveaux éléments de mathématiques» (critique de livre) p. 917, Bulletin de la Société mathématique américaine , vol. 84 , numéro 5 (septembre 1978). Les caractères gras sont le mien.)
Citant la lettre de Peirce à Marquand, 1886:
(Source: Écrits de Charles S. Peirce: Une édition chronologique , vol. 5 (1884-1886) p. 422. Indiana University Press, 1993. Christian JW Kloesel et al., Rédacteurs.
Peirce était un cas incroyable de quelqu'un qui était si en avance sur son temps que son travail ne pouvait être apprécié par ses contemporains. La plupart du temps, il a été ignoré de son vivant, mais il a réussi à anticiper un grand nombre de développements logiques et mathématiques importants qui devaient ensuite être redécouverts beaucoup plus tard. Par exemple, il a inventé la théorie du réseau au 19ème siècle, mais personne n’y a vraiment prêté attention jusqu’à ce que Garrett Birkhoff la réinvente en 1935. Le point 2 de la citation de Burks ci-dessus indique que Peirce a inventé la logique NAND (encore la logique fondamentale des micropuces aujourd’hui), mais le crédit est généralement donné à Henry Sheffer qui l'a découvert 23 ans plus tard. Article de Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy sur Peirce .
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En ce qui concerne les moments "euréka", je pense que l'application de la logique booléenne à l'électronique est devenue inévitable dès l'instant où l'Algèbre des booléens a été officialisée par George Boole
The Mathematical Analysis of Logic
en 1847. WikipediaOn pourrait également faire valoir que cet "eureka" est survenu une décennie avant la formalisation de la logique booléenne lorsque Charles Babbage tenta la construction de son moteur d'analyse en 1837 , un dispositif contenant
The argument here is strong if one considers that, from a computational perspective, both mechanical and electronic logic gates are equivalent. The replacement of mechanical components with cheaper, more reliable electronic ones was not limited to logical components and was widespread through all industries. Had Babbage had the basic electronic components available, one can imagine he would have utilized them for this sort of logic in exactly the same way he did mechanical ones.
A third possible "eureka" could be the meeting of Babbage and Boole at the Great London Exposition in 1862:
Yet another "eureka" milestone could be the realization of Babbage's Analytical Engine dream with the completion of Howard Aiken's functioning, electomagnetic Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator at Harvard in 1937.
Lastly, we can certainly peg the moment no later than (as mentioned in @the-photon's answer) in Claude Shannon's formalization of the mairrage of Boolean Logic with electronic components at MIT in 1938.
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This excellent Atlantic article answers your question at length. Here's the closest thing to a Eureka moment:
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Strowger's 1889 automatic telephone exchange was certainly a practical and real world use of digital logic via electromechanical means. Solving other pulse/state logic problems with relays and other electromechanical parts cannot have been an entirely new concept at the latest after this point in time.
Combining the facts "relays are slow and noisy" and "gas discharge and/or vacuum tubes and their technical successors are faster and can do the same job" to "let's use literal electronics for digital logic" appears almost trivial.
Some added explanations: "Gas discharge Tubes" as in Thyratrons, or even plain neon lamps (these have a strong hysteresis between striking and extinguishing voltages and can thus act as a memory element), or more complex thyratron-derived devices like dekatron counting tubes. Earlier production design vacuum tubes (up into the 1940s - the ENIAC design used that generation and had severe problems with it :) actually hated being used as hard on/off switching elements (being left with full voltage applied but switched hard off a lot progressively damaged the cathode coating. keyword is "cathode interface", or "zwischenschichtbildung" in german literature*); vacuum tubes that were reliable in that function were introduced for 50s/60s era industrial control equipment...
*Mentioning that because datasheets might only exist in English,German,Dutch or French for some of these types...
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